D · The word
ἰσονομία: equal law, applied to everyone including the ruler.
Break the word down and it's plain: iso- (equal) plus nomos (law, or the customary order a community lives under) gives ἰσονομία — isonomia. The standard rendering is "equality before the law," though older discussions of the word sometimes stretch it further, toward equal standing in a community's public life. The core claim is narrower and sharper than either: whatever the law requires, it requires of everyone in view of it — including whoever is enforcing it that day.
The word shows up early. Some historians of Athens argue that isonomia, not the later and more familiar demokratia, was the word used in the years right after Cleisthenes' reforms of 508/507 BCE — the redrawing of the tribes to cut across old aristocratic loyalties, a council seated by lot, one law binding an aristocrat and a commoner alike. Whether isonomia or demokratia came first as the rallying word is a real scholarly argument, not a settled fact, and we're not going to settle it here. What's not in dispute is that the word was doing real political work in Athens a very long time before anyone put it on a landing page.
Herodotus stages the clearest ancient argument for it. In the Histories, Book 3, sections 80 through 82, seven Persian conspirators who've just killed a usurping Magus debate what to replace him with. One of them, Otanes, argues for rule by the many over rule by one man, and isonomia is close to his key word for why: a monarch answers to no one, and answering to no one corrupts even a good man eventually. Megabyzus argues back for oligarchy; Darius, who wins the argument and the throne, argues for monarchy. We're describing that debate here rather than quoting it, on purpose — we don't have a verbatim, sourced translation anchored the way this site anchors everything else it quotes, and an unanchored quote is exactly the kind of claim this stack exists to refuse. Including, apparently, its own history page.
source Herodotus, Histories, Book 3, §§80–82
event the Persian conspirators' debate on what government
should follow the Magus — monarchy, oligarchy, or isonomia
speaker Otanes, arguing for isonomia; opposed by Megabyzus
(oligarchy) and Darius (monarchy, and the debate's winner)
also cited in also invoked in historians' accounts of Cleisthenes'
Athenian reforms, 508/507 BCE — precedence over
"demokratia" disputed, not claimed here
translation none anchored on file
status described, not quoted — verbatim anchoring is required
before we quote anything, and we don't have it for this one
no verbatim anchor, no verbatim quote — same rule we apply to every other source